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The justices' bench in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States, its nine chairs empty beneath the marble columns.

40 justices · 1946–2023

The justices

Voting patterns, tenure, and participation for every justice who has sat on the Court since the 1946 term. Each has a page with their full profile and most recent cases.

Photo: Carol M. Highsmith · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons · All photo credits

All justices

Portrait of Justice Hugo Black.

Hugo Black

1946–1970 · 3,302 cases · 65.9% majority

Majority 65.9%
Dissent 22.2%
Concurrence 8.1%
Portrait of Justice Stanley Reed.

Stanley Reed

1946–1956 · 1,151 cases · 77.4% majority

Majority 77.4%
Dissent 14.9%
Concurrence 3.0%
Portrait of Justice Felix Frankfurter.

Felix Frankfurter

1946–1961 · 1,917 cases · 61.3% majority

Majority 61.3%
Dissent 19.6%
Concurrence 9.2%
Portrait of Justice William O. Douglas.

William O. Douglas

1946–1975 · 4,001 cases · 58.9% majority

Majority 58.9%
Dissent 26.5%
Concurrence 8.3%
Portrait of Justice Frank Murphy.

Frank Murphy

1946–1948 · 387 cases · 68.0% majority

Majority 68.0%
Dissent 21.7%
Concurrence 5.7%
Portrait of Justice Robert H. Jackson.

Robert H. Jackson

1946–1953 · 899 cases · 63.6% majority

Majority 63.6%
Dissent 19.9%
Concurrence 7.0%
Portrait of Justice Wiley Rutledge.

Wiley Rutledge

1946–1948 · 387 cases · 59.7% majority

Majority 59.7%
Dissent 23.5%
Concurrence 13.7%
Portrait of Justice Harold Burton.

Harold Burton

1946–1958 · 1,388 cases · 76.9% majority

Majority 76.9%
Dissent 16.4%
Concurrence 3.6%
Portrait of Justice Fred M. Vinson.

Fred M. Vinson

1946–1952 · 812 cases · 83.6% majority

Majority 83.6%
Dissent 10.7%
Concurrence 0.6%
Portrait of Justice Tom C. Clark.

Tom C. Clark

1949–1966 · 2,292 cases · 78.8% majority

Majority 78.8%
Dissent 11.8%
Concurrence 3.2%
Portrait of Justice Sherman Minton.

Sherman Minton

1949–1956 · 717 cases · 79.2% majority

Majority 79.2%
Dissent 12.4%
Concurrence 1.4%
Portrait of Justice Earl Warren.

Earl Warren

1953–1968 · 2,205 cases · 82.8% majority

Majority 82.8%
Dissent 10.2%
Concurrence 2.7%
Portrait of Justice John M. Harlan II.

John M. Harlan II

1954–1970 · 2,351 cases · 55.9% majority

Majority 55.9%
Dissent 25.1%
Concurrence 12.6%
Portrait of Justice William J. Brennan.

William J. Brennan

1956–1989 · 5,327 cases · 69.2% majority

Majority 69.2%
Dissent 20.0%
Concurrence 7.2%
Portrait of Justice Charles E. Whittaker.

Charles E. Whittaker

1956–1961 · 691 cases · 68.7% majority

Majority 68.7%
Dissent 20.1%
Concurrence 4.2%
Portrait of Justice Potter Stewart.

Potter Stewart

1958–1980 · 3,592 cases · 73.5% majority

Majority 73.5%
Dissent 15.4%
Concurrence 7.5%
Portrait of Justice Byron White.

Byron White

1961–1992 · 4,946 cases · 78.7% majority

Majority 78.7%
Dissent 11.5%
Concurrence 6.0%
Portrait of Justice Arthur Goldberg.

Arthur Goldberg

1962–1964 · 475 cases · 77.3% majority

Majority 77.3%
Dissent 8.2%
Concurrence 8.2%
Portrait of Justice Abe Fortas.

Abe Fortas

1965–1968 · 581 cases · 75.7% majority

Majority 75.7%
Dissent 9.6%
Concurrence 5.2%
Portrait of Justice Thurgood Marshall.

Thurgood Marshall

1967–1990 · 3,881 cases · 60.2% majority

Majority 60.2%
Dissent 24.9%
Concurrence 7.3%
Portrait of Justice Warren E. Burger.

Warren E. Burger

1969–1985 · 2,809 cases · 75.0% majority

Majority 75.0%
Dissent 12.7%
Concurrence 9.4%
Portrait of Justice Harry Blackmun.

Harry Blackmun

1969–1993 · 3,771 cases · 69.4% majority

Majority 69.4%
Dissent 15.9%
Concurrence 10.6%
Portrait of Justice Lewis F. Powell.

Lewis F. Powell

1971–1986 · 2,652 cases · 72.5% majority

Majority 72.5%
Dissent 9.2%
Concurrence 9.4%
Portrait of Justice William Rehnquist.

William Rehnquist

1971–2004 · 4,535 cases · 74.9% majority

Majority 74.9%
Dissent 16.6%
Concurrence 4.7%
Portrait of Justice John Paul Stevens.

John Paul Stevens

1975–2009 · 4,268 cases · 59.7% majority

Majority 59.7%
Dissent 24.7%
Concurrence 11.0%
Portrait of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.

Sandra Day O'Connor

1981–2005 · 2,914 cases · 75.7% majority

Majority 75.7%
Dissent 12.1%
Concurrence 9.5%
Portrait of Justice Antonin Scalia.

Antonin Scalia

1986–2015 · 2,861 cases · 67.8% majority

Majority 67.8%
Dissent 16.5%
Concurrence 14.1%
Portrait of Justice Anthony Kennedy.

Anthony Kennedy

1987–2017 · 2,883 cases · 80.7% majority

Majority 80.7%
Dissent 8.0%
Concurrence 7.7%
Portrait of Justice David Souter.

David Souter

1990–2008 · 1,753 cases · 73.1% majority

Majority 73.1%
Dissent 16.2%
Concurrence 8.7%
Portrait of Justice Clarence Thomas.

Clarence Thomas

1991–2023 · 2,714 cases · 63.5% majority

Majority 63.5%
Dissent 19.3%
Concurrence 15.4%
Portrait of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

1993–2019 · 2,229 cases · 70.0% majority

Majority 70.0%
Dissent 19.7%
Concurrence 9.4%
Portrait of Justice Stephen Breyer.

Stephen Breyer

1994–2021 · 2,261 cases · 69.6% majority

Majority 69.6%
Dissent 18.5%
Concurrence 9.8%
Portrait of Justice John G. Roberts.

John G. Roberts

2005–2023 · 1,407 cases · 84.9% majority

Majority 84.9%
Dissent 9.5%
Concurrence 3.8%
Portrait of Justice Samuel Alito.

Samuel Alito

2005–2023 · 1,381 cases · 68.1% majority

Majority 68.1%
Dissent 16.9%
Concurrence 11.7%
Portrait of Justice Sonia Sotomayor.

Sonia Sotomayor

2009–2023 · 1,088 cases · 66.3% majority

Majority 66.3%
Dissent 21.5%
Concurrence 10.0%
Portrait of Justice Elena Kagan.

Elena Kagan

2009–2023 · 996 cases · 73.3% majority

Majority 73.3%
Dissent 17.0%
Concurrence 4.2%
Portrait of Justice Neil Gorsuch.

Neil Gorsuch

2016–2023 · 500 cases · 59.0% majority

Majority 59.0%
Dissent 16.2%
Concurrence 16.6%
Portrait of Justice Brett Kavanaugh.

Brett Kavanaugh

2018–2023 · 380 cases · 79.5% majority

Majority 79.5%
Dissent 5.8%
Concurrence 11.8%
Portrait of Justice Amy Coney Barrett.

Amy Coney Barrett

2020–2023 · 247 cases · 74.9% majority

Majority 74.9%
Dissent 8.5%
Concurrence 10.5%
Portrait of Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson.

Ketanji Brown Jackson

2022–2023 · 117 cases · 55.6% majority

Majority 55.6%
Dissent 21.4%
Concurrence 21.4%

Percentages are each justice’s share of their own recorded votes. Source: Supreme Court Database (SCDB), 2024 Release 01

Voting-profile comparison

Majority, dissent and concurrence votes for the twenty justices with the largest caseloads.